![]() Four of these criteria must be present in addition to criterion b, which requires that these symptoms cannot be attributed to a psychotic episode, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms. This is further detailed through seven specific sub-features: (1) believing that other people are intentionally threatening or acting in a harmful way (2) pervasive doubts about the trustworthiness/loyalty of others (3) avoidance of confiding in anticipation of becoming betrayed (4) misinterpreting ambiguous remarks as intentionally hurtful (5) holding grudges against others (6) believing that others are assailing one's character, which can cause vindictive reactions and (7) a tendency in romantic relations to suspect partners as being unfaithful. The DSM-V outlines primary diagnostic criteria for paranoia, focusing on a general mistrust and suspicion of others' motives ( criterion a). The spectrum of paranoid reactions has been suggested to build a continuum ( 1– 3) reaching from neurotic forms (F23.2) of a paranoid tendency, which are held not to be uncommon in the general population ( 4, 5), to paranoid personality disorder and to more severe forms in psychotic manifestations ( 7), e.g., in paranoid-hallucinatory schizophrenia or its specific expression in older age or “contact deprivation paranoia” ( 8) for which persecutory delusions are seen as forming the end of the assumed continuum ( 9). Paranoia is a symptom found in several psychopathological conditions. It is concluded that the notion of oikeiôsis resonates particularly with introspection-based therapeutic approaches.ġ Paranoia and paranoid personality disorder In the third step, the main therapeutic challenge in treating paranoid personality disorder-building a trustful relationship-is explored. In the second step, the prototypical phenomenality of feelings of unfamiliarity and mistrust are discussed against the backdrop of changes of oikeiôsis in paranoid personality disorder. In the first step, symptomatic features of paranoid personality disorder are sketched, with a focus on the explanatory role of attentional and interpretative biases, which correlate with significant changes in intuitive processing. It examines its role in explaining paranoia as a change in intuitive self-and-world relatedness. This study discusses the concept of oikeiôsis. ![]() Wherever psychopathology operates with the concept of (disorders of) the self and personality, it can address the role of the intuitive access we have toward ourselves, others, and the world. ![]() 2Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan.1Department of Philosophy, Ethics, and Religious Studies, University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan.
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